Digital Forensics: How to Protect Your Data and Privacy

Digital forensics is a subcategory of forensic science that looks at evidence found on computers, digital devices, internet networks, and any other digital platform. If forensics is the science of investigating a crime scene, think of digital forensics as the science of investigating a digital crime scene. When someone uses the internet or a digital device to victimize another person or group, law enforcement uses digital forensics to investigate, collect evidence, and eventually prosecute the crime. Any device that stores data may be subject to a digital forensics investigation following a crime. Just like a crime scene forensics investigator could give us advice about how to protect ourselves from certain crimes, a digital forensics expert can help us protect our data and our privacy! Digital forensics experts divide their investigations into five types based on the kind of device used in the cyberattack. Many cyber crimes involve multiple types at once. For example, a phishing attack could start on a mobile phone, target someone using a desktop computer at work, and then quickly move to an attack on the network or a specific database. Investigators will identify, acquire, and analyze digital evidence from all of these sources. This evidence is likely to be used in the court proceedings that follow a cyberattack. By analyzing how these cyberattacks occur, digital forensics specialists can offer important guidance on how to fortify your data and protect your privacy. In 1978, the Florida Computer Crimes Act was the first law in the country that dealt specifically with cyber crimes. This act criminalized any unauthorized deletion or modification of data. Many more laws followed, both in individual states and at the federal level. These include laws about: When any of these laws are violated, the investigation will include the appropriate subcategories of digital forensics. In the early 1990s, this kind of work was called “computer forensics,” but the name shifted to “digital forensics” when it became clear that these crimes weren’t just occurring on computers but on digital devices and networks, too. In the 2000s, as cybercrime rates increased, digital forensics continued to develop. Methods have been standardized, departments and agencies have merged, and best practices have emerged. The Convention on Cybercrime treaty was signed by 43 nations in 2004. The purpose of this treaty was to improve international collaboration on the investigation of cybercrimes, which are often multi-national in nature. There are many types of investigation where digital evidence may be needed: It is difficult to imagine any organization or corporation that exists today that doesn’t have some kind of data use. The only obvious examples are children’s lemonade stands, rummage sales, or other cash-only businesses that involve no trading of any information. Every modern company or organization must consider the potential risks to the data they collect and use. Let’s break down those five types of digital forensics. Learning about each type can help you understand how cyber attacks could happen in these areas. When you have more information, you can make better decisions about securing your individual or corporate data. Computer forensics, the original label for all digital forensics, now refers to the investigation of laptop and desktop computers and any digital information they store on their hard drives. Investigations using computer forensics teach us to maintain a precise legal audit trail and a clear chain of custody for everything saved onto a specific machine. Network forensics involves the registration and monitoring of network activities. These network activities, known as network data, change rapidly as it is transmitted between computers, gateways, routers, wireless access points, servers, and more. When a digital forensics investigator gets involved, their investigation is not limited to what already happened. The dynamic nature of network activities requires them to investigate what is still happening with the affected data. Forensic data analysis is used almost exclusively to investigate financial crimes such as fraud and embezzlement. Investigators analyze structured data, which is likely housed in application systems and databases. In a digital forensics investigation, mobile devices can include smartphones and watches , tablets, e-readers, handheld gaming systems, GPS devices, and some laptops. Mobile device forensics requires the examination and recovery of digital evidence from these mobile devices. In the course of database management, companies store and make changes to data. When a cyber attack occurs, that database may be accessed or changed. Forensic investigators may look into the database to determine fraudulent transactions from a cyber attack or from criminal activity within your organization. This may also involve looking at timestamps, update times, and action verification of database users. Does the idea of an outside party gaining access to your data, networks, and devices make you feel a little nervous or uncomfortable? If so, you’re not alone. When you are the victim of a crime, including corporate cybercrime, it can feel violating to hand over your digital networks and devices to law enforcement and forensic investigators. Additionally, corporations are often reasonably concerned about how their company’s data or their clients’ data may be used during these investigations. A 2022 conference paper presented the following concerns: “ As we know, in a digital forensic investigation, the investigators extract evidence from different types of digital media. However, the extraction method itself unlocks the way for digital forensic investigators to encroach on the privacy of the individual. To detect fraud, an investigator collects and analyzes the digital evidence connected to the fraud that has taken place and presents it in court to prove convict. There are no legal or technical structures in place that can keep a check on the investigation procedures to prevent this breach of privacy.” Your users, clients, and employees deserve to have their Personally Identifiable Information (PII) protected, even in the event of a forensics investigation. In fact, after a breach or attack, people are going to be especially concerned about what happens to the data you store on your networks, computers, mobile devices, and databases. How will you protect user data from being revealed to the public during the course of an investigation or the court proceedings that follow it? Some of the best strategies are: Not all forensics investigations require law enforcement involvement. You can hire a digital forensics investigator in a number of situations, including: If you have concerns about how data is being collected, stored, and managed at your company, it may be time to bring in a digital forensics investigator to help protect your privacy.